Reading+and+Phonics+Rules

1 Plurals-Words that name more than 1 object. **2 Cause and Effect-Something happens that causes another thing to happen.** 3 Action Words with S 4 Inferences – Using pictures and story clues to figure out what’s happening in the story. 5 Sequence – Putting the events of a story in order. 6 Word References – Using pronouns instead of a person’s name. 7 All Short Vowels 8 Consonants that are doubled - -ss, -ll, -ff, -zz. These are doubled after 1 short vowel in a 1 syllable word. We use a silly sentence to help remember these letters. ‘**__S__**am **__L__**ikes **__F__**ried **__Z__**ebra. 9 When to use **c** and **k** at the beginning of a word. 10 The letters –ck come after1 short vowel in a 1 syllable word. 11 Y as a vowel -y says /i/ or /e/ at the end of a word or syallble. 12 -ch and -tch at the end of words 13 Digraphs “The 4-H brothers” 14 L-Blends **bl cl fl gl pl sl** 15 R-Blends**br cr dr fr gr pr tr** 16 Other Blends
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">Examples: books, dogs, boxes
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">Use an action word with s when there is only 1 subject. Tom jump**s**.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">Use an action word without an s when there is more than 1 subject. The dogs jump.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">Example: Tom is tall. **__He__** is tall.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">a cat
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">e get
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">i hit
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">o hop
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">u cut
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">Examples: gla**ss**, wa**ll**, pu**ff**, and bu**zz**.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">We use **c** before the vowels a, o, or u. Examples: c**a**t, c**o**p, c**u**t
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">We use **k** before the vowels I, e or y. Examples: k**i**ng, k**e**ttle, sk**y**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">Examples: ba**ck**, ne**ck**, so**ck**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">If y is the only vowel, then it has the long /**i**/ sound. Examples: b**y**, m**y**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">If there are other vowels besides the y, then the y has a long /**e**/ sound. Examples: cand**y**, wind**y**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">We use –ch at the end of a long vowel sound or after a consonant. Examples: pea**ch**, ben**ch**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">We use –tch after 1 short vowel in a 1 syllable word. Examples: ca**tch**, wi**tch**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">** sh – shop, dish; th – thimble, bath: ch – chop, wh- whale. **
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">black cloud fly glass plate sled
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">brick crack drink fry green prize tree
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">Set 1 **sc sk sm sn sp st sw**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">scare sky smoke snail spoon stop swing
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">Set 2 **scr spl spr str**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">screen splash spring string

<span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">17 Final Blends <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">18 Suffix –es – We add –es to a word when the base word ends with a ch, tch, sh, ss, x or <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">z. **lunches, watches, brushes, glasses, boxes, buzzes** <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">19 Suffix –ing – When –ing is added to a word, it tells what a person is doing. **Tom is** <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">**sitting.** <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive;">20 Suffix –er – When –er is added to word, it tells who the person is. **Tom is a hunter.** <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">21 Suffix –ed – We add –ed to a word to show that something has already happened. Yesterday Tom jumped over the fence. <span style="font-family: 'comic sans ms',cursive; font-size: 16px;">¨ The /d/ sound as in played and yelled <span style="font-family: 'comic sans ms',cursive; font-size: 16px;">¨ The /t/ sound as in jumped and helped <span style="font-family: 'comic sans ms',cursive; font-size: 16px;">¨ The /ed/ sound as in handed and planted <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">22 Compound Words – 2 small words put together to make 1 big word. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">23 Contractions – 2 words put together to make 1 word. Some letters are left out of the second word. These letters are replaced with an apostrophe. <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">24 Vowel Teams <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">the second vowel does the walking. <span style="font-family: 'comic sans ms',cursive; font-size: 16px;">¨ ai /a/ at the beginning or the middle of a word or syllable. (aim, rain) <span style="font-family: 'comic sans ms',cursive; font-size: 16px;">¨ ay /a/ at the end of a word or syllable. (pay) <span style="font-family: 'comic sans ms',cursive; font-size: 16px;">¨ oa /o/ at the beginning or the middle of a word or syllable. (oar, boat) <span style="font-family: 'comic sans ms',cursive; font-size: 16px;">¨ oe /o/ at the end of a word or syllable. (hoe) <span style="font-family: 'comic sans ms',cursive; font-size: 16px;">¨ ee /e/ and ea /e/ may be found at the beginning, middle or end of a word or syllable. (eel, street, tree, eat, meat, sea) <span style="font-family: 'comic sans ms',cursive; font-size: 16px;">¨ oi /oi/ at the beginning or middle of a word or syllable. (oil, boil) <span style="font-family: 'comic sans ms',cursive; font-size: 16px;">¨ oy /oi/ at the end of a word or syllable. (toy) <span style="font-family: 'comic sans ms',cursive; font-size: 16px;">¨ oo /oo/ comes in the middle of a word. (boot, tools) <span style="font-family: 'comic sans ms',cursive; font-size: 16px;">¨ oo /oo/ comes in the middle of a word. (book, good) <span style="font-family: 'comic sans ms',cursive; font-size: 16px;">¨ ou /ou/ at the beginning or the middle of a word or syllable. (out, round) <span style="font-family: 'comic sans ms',cursive; font-size: 16px;">¨ ow/ou/ comes in the middle or the end of a word. (prowl, cow) <span style="font-family: 'comic sans ms',cursive; font-size: 16px;">¨ ow /o/ at the end of a word. (snow) <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">25 Types of Syllables
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">Set 1 **nd st nt mp sk sp**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">find list lift jump mask wasp
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">Set 2 **ld lk ft lp lt pt ct lb lf**
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">held milk lift help melt kept act bulb elf
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">The letters –ed can have three different sounds
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">Example: sand + box = sandbox
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">Examples: can + not = can’t I + will = I’ll
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">Regular Vowel Teams – The first vowel does the talking and
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">Irregular Vowel Teams – The two vowels together make a new sound.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">Open Syllable – go


 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">Closed Syllable – cat


 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">Vowel Consonant Silent E (V-E) – cake


 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">Vowel Teams – rain, play, tree, sea, boat, toe, boy, oil, look, snow, out


 * <span style="font-family: 'Comic Sans MS',cursive; font-size: 16px;">R controlled – car, for, her, bird, turn